īacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Inset shows the surrounding, black poplars growing on sandy loam on the bank of a kolk, with the detail area marked. The tops of the gametophytes ( 3) can be discerned as well. The last stage of the moss lifecycle is shown, where the sporophytes are visible before dispersion of their spores: the calyptra ( 1) is still attached to the capsule ( 2). Fresh snow partially covers rough-stalked feather-moss ( Brachythecium rutabulum), growing on a thinned hybrid black poplar ( Populus x canadensis).
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